Old 'Splodies, Newly ReleasedLawrence Livermore National Laboratories has released another dump of declassified films of above ground nuclear tests. While none are as visually spectacular as some of the ones in the previous release, they're nevertheless interesting and this batch seems to focus mostly on very small (including sub-kiloton) blasts and some of the big multi-megaton tests at the Pacific test range.
Regarding the latter, I do wonder if the great distances these high yield tests were filmed from in comparison to the first is related to the debacle that was Castle Bravo.
One thing about these films only fully registered with me recently. There are several sequences that attempt to film the actual physics as it is happening, and push the 1950s filmmaking state of the art to the limit. Remember, this was captured with film...there was no such thing as a digital camera then... this is a fission/fusion explosion...just really...sloooooowwwwwww.
While many of us were distracted, a new comet (C 2017/U1 PANSTARRS) was observed. After a bit of math, it was realized that the "comet" was moving faster than solar system escape velocity, meaning that it had to be an extra-solar object passing through our system.
One of The Brickmuppet's Crack Team of Science Babes has some...comettary.
There's more on this neat story, here, here, and here.
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I just saw something about this this morning. Very cool.
Unfortunately the same fact that makes it interesting - that it comes from outside the solar system - means that it's moving far too fast for us to reach it even with a flyby mission.
Posted by: Pixy Misa at Mon Oct 30 19:57:36 2017 (PiXy!)
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...unless it slows down, in which case we need to name it Rama and I'm going to drink very heavily.
Posted by: Wonderduck at Tue Oct 31 19:38:08 2017 (i5Suc)
Oh. We've Got TWO!NASA has recently noticed a heretofore undocumented moon that has apparently been squatting here undetected for some time. Due to NASA's limited border enforcement budget and the fact that the interloper's arrival predated the Johnson-Reed Act by about a decade, it is not (as of now) going to be deported.
It's unclear how the change in the number of dependents will affect Earth's Tax status.
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I find Isaac Arthur's YouTube videos to be entertaining and thought provoking. However, I think there's a much larger gap between "does not appear to violate the laws of physics" and "we know how to do this today" than he does.
Posted by: Siergen at Sat Jul 15 09:15:49 2017 (7W7BZ)
Elmer Fudd: Super GeniusIsaac Arthur has one of my favorite You-Tube channels and I just realized I've never linked to him. That is a travesty on my part. This is a a superb channel focusing on futurism.
This video on the Kardashev Scale is a good primer for the channel.
Beware!
The fellow has an epic speech impediment that inspired the post title.
This channel is online video crack and if one is not careful one will lose hours, possibly days basking in the sheer awesomness of it.
Posted by: madrocketsci at Sat Jun 10 09:50:18 2017 (VF34g)
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Speaking of which, where do people like this hang out online?
I had a really fun discussion in some random chatroom the other day - a sci-fi author started asking questions about power generation and fusion reactors. The ensuing discussion ranged over all sorts of hypothetical sources of energy, and ended with a discussion of the physics behind tachyons. It was the most fun random-idea-session I had in a long time.
There aren't that many people I know in real life that I can nerd out like that with.
Posted by: madrocketsci at Sat Jun 10 11:55:13 2017 (VF34g)
We noted this wondrous development last year, but had missed the inevitable follow-up.
This is incredible! This is the 21st century we were promised! Naturally, the federal government is on the case, taking money from us under threat of force to pay a stalwart army of Vogons to protect us from this joy.
Here's another view of this fantastical French phenomenon without the scolds, or their remonstrance.
They Don't Make Them Like That Anymore
At least, I'm pretty sure that computer manufacturing facilities do not employ seamstresses in crucial roles. (via)
A Magnetic Field for Mars, on a Budget
Mars has lost the bulk of it's atmosphere in part because it's magnetic field is weak and only covers parts of its tropical regions. This has allowed the solar wind to strip away most of the planet's atmosphere other than the relatively dense CO2.
Therefore, one issue facing those who would terraform the red planet is the fact that if the atmosphere were built up through human endeavors, the atmosphere would immediately start to erode again, taking thing like the oxygen and nitrogen first.
Giving the planet a magnetic field has been considered a far more daunting task than simply terraforming it, since to increase the output of the planetary dynamo would require bringing a large moon to pull on its core like ours does.
This has...practicality issues.
One alternative is a vast series of cables built all over the red planet and powered by many gigawats of electricity. Such a system has been proposed for Earth to deal with a possible pole reversal.
"That's less than one quarter of a typical MRI machine's maximum capacity."
Uh...thanks.
Anyway, the magnetic field generated would deflect the solar wind around the planet, rather more completely than Earths field does, since the field is separate and doesn't leave the poles unprotected.
This would, even without any further human intervention, result in the Martian atmosphere thickening on its own.
This makes any terraforming of Mars much more sustainable.
We here at Brickmuppet Blog are more of the Dandridge Cole, Gerard K. O'Neal schools of space settlement, but this is a really neat development. A planetary settlement does have some advantages with regards to resources, especially on a place like Mars.
(Interestingly, this probably can't be made to work with regards to Earth, because our Lagrange Points are not balanced between Earth and the sun, but rather Earth and the Moon.)
Posted by: Wonderduck at Sun Mar 5 21:25:27 2017 (UDOXQ)
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1. On the first hand, once you're out of the gravity well, stay out of the gravity well.
2. On the second hand, planets are targets.
3. Gripping hand? Gengeneer for freefall.
Posted by: Clayton Barnett at Sun Mar 5 21:32:43 2017 (ug1Mc)
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Re: practicality issues. How massive, and how close (presumably a trade-off situation) would said moon have to be? Solar sails could probably be used to brake a largish asteroid and drop it into a lower orbit. Or nukes could do the same thing. Calculate the trajectory carefully and the asteroid become Mars' new moon.
Posted by: jabrwok at Mon Mar 6 09:57:32 2017 (BlRin)
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The paper posits that you would put it at the L1 point, which is a fixed distance. The enegy level of the magnetic field is, as pointed out, not very high, but presumably it does need a fairly large area. The main question I would have: what kind of push would you be getting from the solar wind, and what does that mean in terms of making a large array rigid and having thrusters to keep it in place?
Posted by: David at Mon Mar 6 18:25:42 2017 (JMkaQ)
Wow! No less than SEVEN planets ranging from roughly Earth to Mars sized have been discovered in the TRAPPIST-1 solar system. No less than three of the planets are in the habitable zone!
All 7, at least theoretically, could have water on their surfaces, though on the farthest planet, any water would almost certainly be ice, and the closest are...borderline. However, at least one of the planets in the habitable region has tentatively been identifies as being of water rich composition (mentioned at about the 04:40 mark in the embedded video).
Note that NASA recently tightened the definition of Habitable Zone which effectively reduced it in width for any given star. This model does not take into account many potential atmospheric effects, but does account for other things. By the older, less restrictive definition (given the distance from the star and sufficient atmospheric pressure, could liquid water exist on the surface of the planet) Venus, Earth, Luna, Mars and Ceres are all in the habitable zone of our solar system. Note too, that under the new rules Earth is a borderline case.
The star is being described an ultra-cool-dwarf, which is NOT a charismatic little person, but a stellar spectral type classification (L-T) that has recently been shoehorned into the demarcation between red dwarf stars and brown dwarfs (which are substellar). The star is only 11% the diameter of the sun or about the size of Jupiter (though much more massive). The orbits of these 7 planets, therefore are pretty close together, kind of like the moons of Jupiter and Saturn, but they are much much larger. This means that...well...look...
From the video, this completely hypothetical view from the fourth planet out is quite speculative and hopeful regarding the snow and water and transparent atmosphere. However, given the latter, is accurate regarding the view of other planets.The other planets, at certain times of year would appear as actual planets rather than wandering points of light. In some cases, planets in adjoining orbits would appear bigger than the moon. The planets are all closer to their tiny, cool star than Mercury is to ours.
Interestingly, while ultracool dwarfs are red stars, that is because so much of their emissions are in the infra-red. Their VISIBLE light from them (or red dwarfs for that matter) would be perceived by us as very similar to our own...basically white-yellow as all the colors are mixed together unless refracted, for example by a prism. (Earth's sun is technically a green star). There are some things missing from their spectrum though, blue and some greens are absent. Thus, optimistically assuming a Nitrogen atmosphere like ours, the nitrogen would not lightly reflect the blue as it does here, thus, the daytime sky would not be blue, but would be transparent. So, if not looking directly at the star, on an optimistically assumed clear day one might well see a black nightlike sky and even see stars (and passing planets) at noon if one was not looking at the star. Green plants, oceans and rainbows would look...different.
They are remarkably similar in size with much less variation than our solar system's rocky planets, ranging from a bit larger than Mars to a tad bigger than Earth. Given the proximity of the planets to one another (as little as 1.5 times the distance to the moon) and super short orbital periods (years on these worlds range from 1.5 to 20 DAYS) they would periodically subject their neighbors to tidal forces, that would provide tides in optimistically supposed seas and perhaps facilitate magnetic fields on the smaller planets in much the same way that Ganymede has one. This would greatly increase the possibility of life. Finally, since we're engaging in highly optimistic ponderings, such tidal forces might interfere with and prevent the assumed tidal locking.
Given current technology, 40 light years might as well be infinity. We could, if we went balls-out and spent something like the budget of the USN for a decade or two, we could make something related to an Orion type starship that could make 5-10 percent the speed of light (max) which would get us to the nearest star (ProximaCentauri at 4.5 light years) in 45-90 years. The Trappist-1 system is a tad under 40 light years away and would be 400-800 years...which is a rather unsatisfactory commute. Still, this discovery is beyond cool and there is the infinitesimal possibility that something like the Alcubierre-drive might be possible and get developed.
Here, one of the Brickmuppet's Crack Team of Science Babes takes a moment to show off the 'work" she's planning on getting done in the hopes that she can one day see this wonder up close.
*There is symmetry in this: The days of the week actually were named after Graeco-Roman astrology, specifically, the 7 classical planets (which included the sun) themselves then named after the high ranking members of the Roman pantheon.
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Ever since they began using the transit method, we've been discovering scads of extrasolar planets - many of them down to the size which we think makes them likely terrestrial planets. Very cool stuff.
One of the interesting things about the majority of them (discovered by the Kepler telescope) is that many of these M star systems or red dwarf systems seem to have tightly packed planetary systems. Numerous systems have been discovered with very crowded planetary systems. It used to be thought that due to the relative narrowness of the habitable bands in cooler star-systems, that these were unlikely places to find Earthlike worlds. It now seems that they're every bit as good a candidate as hotter G and K stars (and far more plentiful besides).
Posted by: MadRocketSci at Fri Feb 24 22:32:48 2017 (VF34g)
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Sets of seven open many naming possibilities.
The Seven Deadly Sins.
Gilligan's Island.
The Seven Dwarves.
I'm sure there are others.
Regarding travel times, I kinda *like* the idea of being restricted to STL. Having Earth and her problems several centuries away means not having to deal with the crap the homeland would otherwise try to impose.
Of course I'm still hoping for mass-produced <a href="http://www.iase.cc/openair.htm">Bishop Rings</a> in our Solar System as an interim structure. Every little interest groups could have its own India-sized mini-planet to live on and work out its issues.
Posted by: jabrwok at Sat Feb 25 10:25:08 2017 (BlRin)
Q: "How are we going to call them? Trapists, trapistyans, trapistoids?"
A: "Whatever, as long as it's not `my master'"
Posted by: Pete Zaitcev at Sun Feb 26 10:34:33 2017 (XOPVE)
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Well, Pete, that works not only as a joke, but as a prolog to an epic sci-fi war story (as most Russian humor does).
I further applaud you for your restraint in not taking the low road and making some tasteless joke about the system's inhabitants being traps.
BOOM!
One of The Brickmuppet's Crack Team of Science Babes reacts to news that a small U.S. aerospace company in Bolder is branching out into supersonic airliners...
Real Clear Future has an interview with the founder and CEO of Boom Technology a small aerospace company that is designing a three engined, small (45 passenger) airliner with intercontinental range. The small size, is, in part, to mitigate overland sonic booms. A proof of concept prototype is set to fly this year.
Given that the prototype is a two seater, the proposal is not as far along as the article suggests, however, BOOM Technology is not quite vaporware, having done work for LockMart, Boeing and Space-X. Additionally, Richard Branson of Virgin Airways has agreed to buy the first 10 of their airliners, which they hope to sell him in 2023.
Of course no matter how small their sonic boom, commercial supersonic flight is illegal over the United States, so they are focusing on overseas routes for now. However:
Scholl:My view is that when you can get from San Francisco to Tokyo faster than San Francisco to DC, there are going to be a whole lot of influential people who are motivated to get those rules fixed. I think we'll see that coming. That said, apparently fixing this is on Trump's first 100 days agenda, so we'll see whether that comes to fruition.
While this proposal is at least as well removed from the ticket buying phase as other, projects in the same vein, what is intruiging about this is the attention to ticket price by the designers. Round trip prices to places like London, Sydney, Auckland, and Tokyo are estimated to be in the 5-7000 dollar range. Pretty steep, and three to five times what one might pay for a coach seat, but in line with business class....and it's supersonic flight.
We'll wait and see if their prototype even flies, but this is something to keep an eye on and look forward to.
Meanwhile, in Space
One of The Brickmuppet's Crack Team of Science Babes sends you all seasons greetings and shows off a reliable and well understood way to generate thrust applied to one's shoulder. The Springfield model 1903 uses an explosion to send a 14 gram projectile at 760 meters a second in one direction and that force minus the mass of the rifle is applied to the shooters shoulder.
In stark contrast, China is claiming, that they have successfully tested (IN SPACE) a system that generates thrust without expelling any propellant. They claim to have been running tests of the EM-Drive on their space station.
Note that "minute" doesn't do justice to the infinitessimality of the thrust levels involved.
The Springfield, does not violate any natural laws (asinine state laws are another matter) The same cannot be said for the EM Drive or any of the other RF Resonant cavity thrusters, like the Cannae Drive.
There seems to be SOMETHING going on with these devices, but the thrust is so low (at least in the NASA sponsored tests) that prctical application of them seems dubious even if they do work.
"This technology is currently in the latter stages of the proof-of-principle phase, with the goal of making the technology available in satellite engineering as quickly as possible," Li Feng explained at the press conference.
So maybe...
In any event, Cannae, a private company that is developing a similar drive (similar in that it looks like magic) is putting their money where their mouth is and will be testing their version in orbit as well. This indicates at the very least that even if they are incorrect, their pursuit of this technology is not a scam.
In any event, after this Chinese announcement, we here at Brickmuppet Blog remain deeply skeptical, but ever so slight more hopeful.
As it stands now, the thrust levels have little practical application, being orders of magnitude lower than even arc jets, However, IF, it actually works, and IF they can increase the thrust by a few orders of magnitude, then this could be a real thing. Those are a couple of pretty big and unlikely "Ifs"but they would portend a truly awesome development.
It would also be a disturbing one since it would mean that our understanding of even the most very basic rules of our universe is completely wrong.
But hey....the way 2016 has gone thus far, would that really be such a shock?
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I'm about a trillion percent skeptical of the EM Drive. It violates the laws of motion, the laws of thermodynamics, relativity, QM, and Noether's Theorem. I'll believe it when they fly one from LEO to Mars and back.
Maybe.
Posted by: Pixy Misa at Thu Dec 22 20:54:40 2016 (PiXy!)
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The last time this made news, it was finally debunked publicly. Unfortunately, like an idiot, I never saved any of the links. The bottom line, if I remember correctly, is that you have to intentionally fudge the numbers in order to show thrust via the math, as it is not actually measurable.
Incidentally, here's the "Chinese" drive featured in the article. As used in Discover Magazine in 2014. Exact same picture. A picture provided by the sales and marketing guy who's taken over trying to sell the EmDrive.
So......I call complete and utter bunk on the whole story.
Posted by: Ben at Thu Dec 22 22:43:41 2016 (S4UJw)
Posted by: Rick C at Fri Dec 23 15:53:10 2016 (ECH2/)
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FIEND! You not only post non-deferential comments, you do so with naked URLS. What do you think this is? A free country?
As I said in the post, I'm quite skeptical. But my skepticism is not quite on Pixy's level, being just over 9000. It looks like it could be producing thrust via the same way a lightbulb does or it's the RF equivilent of a Dean Drive...stuff bouncing around and it's a tad off balance like a badly loaded washing machine...but with radio. This would make it useless or worse. Note that the thrust is in millinewtons...MILLINEWTONS.
The Chinese claim seems to imply a certain practicality that had heretefore eluded anyone, which is what inspired the post. There are three potential reasons for the Chinese press release.
1: The Chinese discovered something interesting.
2: There is a translation glitch.
3: The Chicoms are lying (as Chicoms will).
I think that the probability here is weighted towards two and three, but some interest is still warranted.
Posted by: The Brickmuppet at Fri Dec 23 19:33:49 2016 (KicmI)
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The last "scientific explanation" of the drive I read, it basically worked like the ZPE drive originally featured in Heinlein's "The Number of the Beast". Getting into the estoterica of zero point energy and whether you can or can't interact with it is a bit beyond my comprehension of physics, so I remain skeptical but hopeful. On this article though, it was pointed out where I first read about it that the headline and content didn't match, and nothing in the source actually indicated that China was actually claiming to have results from space tests yet, they were just announcing that they had a test article on the station and were going to be running tests, and the mention of test results was referring back to their ground tests.
Posted by: David at Sat Dec 24 00:37:35 2016 (9UHFZ)
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David, yeah, that's where it would violate Noether's Theorem. ZPE is real, and experimentally verified. But to interact with it in some surprising way would require a new subatomic particle, known as a gauge boson, like the recently discovered Higgs boson.
But because the effect is claimed in a little microwave device running at a few tens of watts, not an enormous particle collider or a supernova or something, the energy of the particle itself would also be small. Noether's Theorem lets us calculate the energy, and it's low enough that the particle would have been discovered in the first cyclotron experiments back in the 1930s. Since it wasn't, either Noether's Theorem is wrong (and it's fundamental to most of modern physics) or the EM Drive doesn't work.
So if the EM Drive works, then the computer I'm using to type this comment doesn't, and vice-versa.
Posted by: Pixy Misa at Sat Dec 24 03:21:36 2016 (PiXy!)
The EM Drive supposedly generates force without reaction, you just need energy. Put X amount of energy in, you accelerate by Y amount.
Y is very small, but that's okay, use nuclear power (an RTG or a full fission reactor) and you can keep the thing running as long as you want.
But while the energy required to accelerate the EM Drive to a given velocity is proportional to that velocity, the kinetic energy of the object moving at that velocity is proportional to the square of the velocity. At some point, as you keep accelerating, the EM Drive becomes a magical free-energy device.
That's why no serious physicist gives this thing the time of day. It violates every law of physics in ways that would be obvious from a million previous experiments if they were possible.
Posted by: Pixy Misa at Sat Dec 24 03:31:12 2016 (PiXy!)
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So if EM drives actually worked, we would have figured that out a long time ago, and some stage of the Cold War would have involved America and Russia pointing them at each other?
Posted by: Karl at Sat Dec 24 05:21:39 2016 (1FrBd)
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Putting it mildly. If the EM Drive actually worked, the average temperature of the Universe would be something like a trillion degrees, there'd be nothing but gamma rays and protons.
Posted by: Pixy Misa at Sat Dec 24 05:45:34 2016 (PiXy!)
106 Years Ago Today
...the airship America broke records and achieved several firsts.
The ship was the brainchild of reporter/adventurer Walter Wellman and was initially financed by the Chicago Tribune, being designed and built for an attempt to be the first to reach the north pole. The aircraft was actually built in France, which was closer to Norway and allowed the designers to use the considerable expertise and physical plant of French balloon manufacturers, and presumably gain some input from the Gaelic airship pioneers. The craft, was, however, quite distinctive. America was a semi-rigid dirigible with a number of innovative features including swiveling airscrews capable of providing vectored thrust.
America, as built, about to make one of her attempts to reach the pole.
In 1906 the airship left Spitsbergen bound for the pole, but suffered from total engine failure. However, the crew managed to return as a balloon. The engine proved unrepairable and the ship was broken down and shipped to France for repairs. After the installation of a new engine the craft returned in 1907 and made 2 more attempts, however, both were stymied by abominable weather. The ship was shipped out again this tome to America and had it's envelope enlarged, had newer, more powerful engines installed, an electrical system including electric lights, and a wireless set was fitted, as was a lifeboat and a peculiar altitude regulator called an equillibrator, described here.
The device was a 300-foot long steel cable with 30 steel tanks containing gasoline and 40 wooden blocks. Each steel tank was 4-feet long and 9 inches in diameter and weighed about 100 pounds when filled with gasoline; the concave end of one tank fit into the convex end of another, like a ball and socket joint, and was padded with felt to absorb shocks and minimize wear and abrasion. The far end of the device consisted of 40 solid wooden blocks, tapering in diameter like the tail of a snake, that would float on the surface.
This was intended to compensate for day/night changes in buoyancy, without permanently dropping ballast. This was obviously a hazard to people on the ground, but with Robert E. Peary having gotten to the north pole in 1909. Wellman and the ship's designer, Melvin Vaniman had set their sights on a different "first", one that would push their little airship to the limits of it's capability. Their new goal was to cross the Atlantic by air, and for this, the equillibrator actually made sense as it had the potential to minimize losses of ballast and hydrogen.
America as refitted.
On October 15, 1910 America took off from Atlantic city New Jersey. Almost at once, things began to go wrong. The ship's propellors set for full vertical thrust kicked up a spectacular sandstorm. Moments after takeoff a loud screech was heard and investigation revealed the presence of a terrified cat that had stowed away in a box near the engine. He was named Kiddo. Engine trouble quickly ensued and and the ship continued on one engine. Attempts at repair proved futile as it was discovered that the engine had ingested a good deal of sand that had been kicked up during takeoff and was a total loss. It was decided to disassemble the other engine and clean it...but engine number two chose that moment to die.
The second engine was not completely wrecked and was repairable, but a ballasting error resulted in considerable loss of hydrogen. Over the next day, a storm came up and one engine was not enough to overcome the strong winds which pushed the ship far to the south.
The ship was far off course and the second engine became intermittent, so it was decided to abandon the flight. On the 17th, just north of Bermuda, the airship, now effectively a balloon spotted a British mail packet, the S.S. Trent, and hailed them via wireless using CQD (the predecessor to SOS). All six crewmen and Kiddo got into the lifeboat and were picked up by Trent, however, before a hawser could be attached, America, relieved of the weight of the lifeboat shot into the sky and was never seen again.
America photographed from RMSTrent. Note the visible "plug" in the envelope where the ship was enlarged & the equillibrator trailing in the water..
The flight, while unsucsessful, had a number of firsts.
7: First air-sea rescue....actually a sea-air rescue.
If things had broken just a bit different, America probably would have made it. An air intake filter would have prevented the loss of the engines. Of course this was one of the learning experiences that caused people to adopt them
Wellman threw in the towel on aviation after this, but Vaniman attempted another crossing of the Atlantic the next year in an improved and enlarged version of America named Akron (the first airship manufactured by Goodyear). Tragically, Akron exploded shortly after launch with the loss of all hands. The Atlantic would not be crossed by air until 1919.
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So was Vaniman the guy in the hat, or the cat? If I was a super-intelligent cat, Vaniman is the sort of name I would give myself. Sure are a lot of cats in this story.
Posted by: Ben at Tue Oct 18 00:59:49 2016 (7Gmhh)
It's Time to Have a Little Talk With HRScott Lowther notes another scolderiffic luddite pantywaist killjoy douche-mongler who is all upset about Elon Musks rather ambitious Mars plan. The piece is a sad commentary on our culture but would not really be worth noting were it not for one tidbit that Mr. Lowther turned up about this Calvinistic sourpuss who thinks that the ideal model for society is a pot of crabs.
EMPLOYMENT
• Manager of Communications , NASA Astrobiology Program, Jan. 2007 – present.
• Communication research, planning, and analysis, NASA Planetary Protection Office, Sept. 2002 – 2006.
• Director of Communications , SPACEHAB, Inc., Washington, D.C., Sept. 1999 – Aug. 2002 .
• Chancellor’s Fellow (1996 – 97, Knight Fellow (1997 – 99) , Indiana U. School of Journalism.
• Director of Science Communication, Life Sciences Division, NASA HQ, Oct. 1994 – Aug. 1996.
• Manager of education and out reach, exploration office, NASA HQ, Dec. 1993 – Oct. 1994 .
• Senior editor/analyst, BDM International, April 1990 – December 1993.
• Editor, Lockheed Engineering & Sciences Co., July 1988 – April 1990.
• Senior editor for space, Air & Space/Smithsonian magazine, December 1985 – July 1988.
• Public affairs officer, National Commission on Space, Sept. – Dec. 1985.
• Consultant, National Science Foundation, August – September 1985 .
• Editor, Space Business News, June 1983 – August 1985.
"So...she's diametrically opposed to the Raison d ' être
of the organization, and is more generally an enemy of reason.
CONFIRMED!
We advised skepticism earlier, but it has now been confirmed that Proxima Centauri, the closest known star to our solar system, does indeed have a rocky "Earthlike" planet.
It get's better...
Although Proxima is considered a moderately active star, its rotation period is about 83 days (ref. 3) and its quiescent activity levels and X-ray luminosity4 are comparable to those of the Sun. Here we report observations that reveal the presence of a small planet with a minimum mass of about 1.3 Earth masses orbiting Proxima with a period of approximately 11.2 days at a semi-major-axis distance of around 0.05 astronomical units. Its equilibrium temperature is within the range where water could be liquid on its surface5.
One of The Brickmuppet's Crack Team of Science Babes has thoughts on the matter....
This is still, an insanely long way out. An Oriondrive (which involves propelling a ship by exploding atom bombs behind it) could get a crewed expedition there in about 100 years. More advanced nuclear pulse propulsion systems (that, unlike Orion would require considerable advancements to get working) could make a one way trip in around 45 years, as could the proposed laser sail designs.
Ok, that's a littler silly given that one needs to be darned sure of a destination if one embarks on a one way trip.
Obviously an unmanned probe could get there faster still...as little as 15 years for one design using near term technology and a very small probe. Well, that design now has a concrete goal.
And IF there was something very interesting found there...well, assuming a 20 year lead time to build the ship (which would involve the equivalent of constructing 4-10 Nimitz class aircraft carriers in terms of mass) then we could still put a, flag, some footprints and a small town there in the lifetime of the people that set the project in motion.
This is, on the one hand, unspeakably extravagant and optimistic given the challenges our civilization faces regarding its health and even survival in the near term. However, given those difficulties and others peculiar to having all of our eggs in this pale blue basket, such an extravagant project is not quite as insane as it sounds at first blush, given that a successful implementation would mean that our civilization would be multi-stellar at that point and our species's survival far more likely.
In any event, this is an awesome development in astronomy, for other reasons. The fact that the very closest star to our sun just happens to have one of these planets makes the odds of such things far more likely...especially since red dwarf's such as Proxima Centauri are the most common type of star in the galaxy.
The implications for that are nontrivial indeed.
UPDATE: This image, by ESO Calcada is, of course, pure speculation regarding the planet's appearance, but it gives a very good idea of the scale of space. Note that Proxima Centauri is generally considered to be a part of the Alpha Centauri System, Alpha Centauri A and B are both about the same size and brightness of our sun (A liitle larger and a little smaller respectively). Keeping in mind that they are in the same solar system as Proxima, note their distance from their little red companion in this picture.
It is by no means certain that Proxima is part of the Alpha Centauri system, by which I mean in orbit around the two main stars. It's possible Proxima is making a one-time hyperbolic pass.
Which wouldn't matter for our purposes; either way it will be thousands of years before it has moved very far away from where it is now. And if it is in orbit the orbital period is probably measured in tens of thousands of years.
The big question I would have about any planet which is that close to its star (even if the star is a midget like Proxima) is whether the planet is tide-locked. If so, with the same face always toward the star, then you can forget about life.
And you can forget about terraforming.
An artificial colony might still be possible, built at one of the dawn/dusk lines, but it would have to be entirely enclosed.
A different possibility is that it's like Mercury and caught in a 3:2 resonance. Which means each planetary day is 1.5 planetary years long. In that case each day would be 8 Earth days long and each night likewise. I think you can still forget about life; the daily temperature swings would be brutal.
And the only places you might be able to build artificial colonies would be the poles.
3
Unless it has a substantial moon (unlikely at that distance from the star) it is almost certainly locked tidally. That doesn't preclude life if its in the habitable zone, especially if there is an ocean that allows heat circulation.
There is also the possibility that the atmosphere might provide convectional temperature stabilization and preventing the atmosphere and oceans from freezing out. Interestingly, a study on this recently found that 2/3rds of simulations had this result and due to something to do with coriolis effects, this happy result was quite likely if the day/year was less than 12 Earth days. Proxima Centauri b has a 11 day long year.
As you mention, it could be in resonance Mercury in which case it has long days and nights. Given that this planet's year is about 11 earth days long, 3:2 resonance would mean nights lasting 14-15 earth days which isn't a deal breaker. Dense, biologically rich forests in Alaska have that much darkness or more.
A bigger concern, would be magnetic fields, though even regarding that, Ganymede, which is an icy moon, far less dense than Earth, and tidally locked to something far less massive has a powerful magnetic field. A much more massive terrestrial planet with a big iron core would have a far more powerful one which might protect it from having the atmosphere stripped off.
Finally, a tidally locked world still has a slight wobble (libration), allowing for a "day/night" cycle around the twilight band.
Posted by: The Brickmuppet at Thu Aug 25 23:18:42 2016 (1zM3A)
A Mere 4.25 Light Years Away....
One of the Brickmuppet's Crack Team of Science Babes brings us up to speed on potentially consequential news from the world of astronomy.
A couple of things about that sentence: "Earthlike" in that context seems to mean a terrestrial planet, which is referring to rocky worlds like Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars...only one of which would be described by laymen as Earthlike. The habitable zone of a red dwarf is very narrow , so this is a very lucky happenstance if their figures are right. Note though, that we have three terrestrial planets in our solar system's habitable zone and only one of them had everything break just right. Finally, the actual paper has not been released yet, The article is based on an anonymous leak to Der Spiegel.
It should be noted though that even this, closest of stars would take thousands of years to reach with our current fastest spacecraft. Nuclearpulsepropulsion and lasersails however, both have the potential to reduce that to less than a century.
"Science Babe" is Mercy from Overwatch as imagined by GGGG
Painting is an imagining of another planet orbiting a red dwarf in a trinary star system Gliese-667c and comes via ESO-Calcada
There are several languages I used professionally which aren't even on that list (e.g. PL/M). But I guess I'm not a complete dinosaur yet; I did more of my work in C than in any other language and apparently it isn't forgotten.
2
Lets call Shell either 1971 or 1972. It'll be right after C.
Posted by: BigFire at Sun Jul 3 23:33:28 2016 (pNmmq)
3
I don't see LabView there, either. It's easily the strangest language I ever used; the learning curve was really steep. That's because it's a dataflow language, not a procedural language. A program in Labview looks like a schematic.
7
I've got a good friend who uses Ruby on Rails for his programming.
Posted by: Avatar_exADV at Mon Jul 4 14:54:58 2016 (v29Tn)
8
Rails is the only reason why Ruby even exists. It's a pest like PHP (although it's way ahead as a language). Of course now that I grabbed a foothold, it's gotten into places like Puppet. So we're going to be stuck with it for another 20 years.
Posted by: Pete Zaitcev at Mon Jul 4 19:50:12 2016 (XOPVE)
One of the Brickmuppet's Crack Team of Science Babes reacts to the latest information on this "tunnel bus" or "straddle bus"currently being tested in China.
OK...I find myself in general agreement with her.
This does not seem wise. I mean it really looks like many, many, accidents waiting to happen. In a broader sense it's a neat idea though, and as a streetcar (on rails) it might work very well indeed.
There's more on this here, though not quite as much as there was before the translation.
One of These Words Seems Out of Place
Optically. Transparent. Wood.
But wait...there's more.
This actually isn't the first time we've seen wood turned into a transparent material, as nanofibrillated cellulose has been used to create items such as the substrate for wood-based computer chips. According to KTH, however, the new process should be particularly well-suited to large-scale applications and mass production.
...scientists from the University of Wisconsin-Madison have started producing "wooden" semiconductor chips that could almost entirely biodegrade once left in a landfill. As an added bonus, the chips are also flexible, making them prime candidates for use in flexible electronics
"Also enforces obsolescence when they rot."
See? When words are used incorrectly, there is mischief affoot.
Note that tonights selection should not in any way preclude one from using any other F-words of one's choice.
Fusion Bombs (ie: Hydrogen bombs) potentially can have vastly more yield than pure fission weapons and, more importantly, can allow much higher yields in small packages suitable for delivery from missiles.
1
10kt is pretty small. I mean, it's enough to ruin your day, but if they're claiming that it was an H-bomb, a 10kt yield basically means it didn't work. Ivy Mike (the first real H-bomb test in 1952) had a yield of 10 megatons.
Posted by: Pixy Misa at Wed Jan 6 05:48:49 2016 (PiXy!)
2
I don't think an H-bomb explosion can be that small. Just the atomic bomb starter will be that big or bigger.
3
Most of the fizzles in the Pacific tests were in the 1 - 3kt range, and like Steven said, that was usually the starter going off but not the bomb itself, IIRC. Keeping in mind of course that those tests were sixty years ago, even the small successful bombs were 500kt to 3Mt. So yeah, this actually sounds a lot more like a failed detonation.
Then again, the Chinese space program was worldwide joke once, too. They still may not be all that great, but they DID make it.
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